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The background level of radiation in oceans and seas varies around the globe. Measured in atomic disintegrations per second (Becquerels) of cesium-137 in a cubic meter of water, this variation becomes readily apparent. The primary source of cesium-137 has been nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific Ocean, but some regions have experienced additional inputs. The Irish Sea in 1990 showed elevated levels compared to large ocean basins as a result of radioactive releases from the Sellafield reprocessing facility at Seacastle, U.K. Levels in the Baltic and Black Seas are elevated due to fallout from the 1986 explosion and fire at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor. By comparison, EPA drinking water standard for cesium-137 is 3,700 Bq/m3. (Courtesy Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) www.whoi.edu

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Human sources of radiation released into the atmosphere over the past 60 years, although serious, pale in comparison to the radionuclides already naturally present in the ocean. One of the most prevalent substances released through nuclear weapons testing, the accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, and now Fukushima, is cesium-137 (137Cs). Total releases from Fukushima are currently above those at Three Mile Island, but below Chernobyl levels. Among the dozens of radioactive substances naturally present in seawater (of which cesium-137 is one), uranium-238 and potassium-40 are the ones present in the greatest abundance.
Note: Ovals are not to scale. 1 Curie = 37 billion Becquerels. (Illustration by Jack Cook, courtesy Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) www.whoi.edu
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